Childhood Obesity And How Can We Change It - 862 Words

Why is There Childhood Obesity and How Can We Change It? Patricia Brown Gen 499: General Education Capstone Instructor Sonja Bethune 11/23/15 We hear so many times that the children are our future. Our future is dying right before our eyes. They are obese and it is an epidemic that needs to stop. Obesity is not something to be taken lightly. It can lead to so many complications and future chronic health issues like diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease and kidney disease. There has to be a solution to this epidemic. How do we stop childhood obesity? This topic is important to research because the children are our future but if things keep getting worse we will not have a future. This deeply affects me as a teacher because children are very important and I want to be able to teach them and watch them grow. I will not be able to do this if their health is in jeopardy. Childhood obesity is an epidemic caused by lack of exercise and proper nutrition and will continue to incline and lead to more obesity related deaths if we do not stop it. According to the Center of Disease Control and Prevention, â€Å"approximately 12 .7 million of children and adolescents aged 2-19 years are obese.† (Childhood Obesity Facts 2011, para.1) There are many factors that cause this outrageous number of obese children. Family history, genetics, community environment, and lifestyle are a few factors. We have also become very complacent and made ourselves too busy to perform aShow MoreRelatedThe Growing Issue With Childhood Obesity1237 Words   |  5 PagesThe Growing Issue With Childhood Obesity Carmen Solivan- Amengual American Public University The Growing Issue With Childhood Obesity Although childhood obesity is a serious issue, there has been a great decrease over the past decade, thanks to research on childhood obesity and programs that help decrease the number of children and adolescents who are overweight. Childhood obesity can have long term and lasting effects on the overall well-being of a child, including cardiovascular disease, high riskRead MoreChildren Are Becoming Increasingly Overweight Essay1183 Words   |  5 Pagesmore time indoor than outside getting exercise. If we continue to allow this to happen, not only will our children be overweight but they will be obese. Obesity is a medical disorder when a child is over the weight for their age and height. However, there is an understanding that because they are children there is still a chance that this will change. Children have a higher metabolism rate than adults, however, this could still backfire. If we do not make it important to get some form of exerciseRead MoreChildhood Obesity : How Has This Become A Problem1218 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood Obesity: How Has This Become a Problem and What Can Be Done to Fix it? Childhood obesity is affecting 1 out 3 kids in our society. These children are being classified as being obese or overweight. Obesity has gained recognition as an important worldwide public problem and in the U.S., appears to be overtaking tobacco use as the number one cause of preventable death (Dennison, B. A., Edmunds, L. S., Stratton, H. H., Pruzek, R. M. (2006). This is the first time we have ever seen our childrenRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Child s Body Mass Index1701 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Obesity is usually measure by a child’s body mass index. This tells where a child lands on the health scale. At the same time, a child’s body mass index doesn’t give the final and complete picture about that child. In order to create an effective action plan to combat this public health issue, it is imperative that it is understood that children are very unique. Children are a lot like snowflakes; each one has different and unique characteristics to them. Ho w a child grows is usually differentRead MoreMedia Coverage Of Childhood Obesity941 Words   |  4 PagesMedia coverage contributes to how childhood obesity is framed and stigmatized in Canadian society. The media contributes to changes in popular culture, which can affect how the dilemma of childhood obesity is viewed and addressed. Several forms of media, including campaigns, social media, and the news help to construct popular opinions when looking at the issue. The views provided by different media platforms and organizations help to frame the problem of childhood obesity, and address the problems associatedRead MoreChildhood Obesity Is Not Only A Problem1666 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity is not only a problem, it is an epidemic that is occurring in the United States. ​This problem is often caused by children eating too much and not exercising enough. Childhood obesity became a problem between 1990 ­2000. It started with children s BMI increasing and weight gain. Obesity causes emotional and physical damage to the child. About 78 million adults and 13 million kids in the United States have to deal with the effects of obesity every day, and this number is growingRead MoreMedication Can Help Reduce Childhood Obesity Essay841 Words   |  4 Pagesremain. We now know that childhood obesity can be very harmful for our nations children. Not only can obesity cause health problems but also psychological problems. In recent years, policymakers and medical experts have expressed alarm about the growing problem of childhood obesity in the United States. While most agree that the issue deserves attention, consensus dissolves around how to respond to the problem. One literature review examines one approach to treating childhood obesity:Read MorePosition Paper1486 Words   |  6 Pages Parents to Take Responsibility for Childhood Obesity A Position Paper Cassandra Eisengart Waynesburg University Purpose The purpose of this statement is to express my position in regards to the ongoing issue in America of childhood obesity and whether or not parents are to blame for this ongoing trend. Statement of Position As a nurse, I take the position that parents are to be blamed for childhood obesity and it is our nation’s responsibility, particularlyRead MoreFast Food and Childhood Obesity Essay1335 Words   |  6 PagesAdvertisement and Childhood Obesity ENGL/101-B25 Would you feed your children lard? 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Many children are being diagnosed with health issues such as diabe tes, hypertension and other obesity related conditions

An Analysis Of The Islamic Financial System Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4544 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Islam considers the problem of economic development very seriously and views this as an important part of total human development. The fundamental aim of Islamic religion is to lead human development in the right direction. Islam deals economic development as part of total human development and never deviated from this perspective  [1]  . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Analysis Of The Islamic Financial System Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Islam does not encourage blockage of wealth and regards circulation of wealth as important to an economy. The proponents of Islamic Banking argue that the system based on interest has resulted in concentration of wealth in a small number of hands thus widening the gap between rich and poor. The fact is that the 10 richest men in the world have more wealth than 48 poorest countries of the world.  [2]  Dr Usmani records, Just as clotting of blood paralyzes the human body; concentration of wealth paralyzes the economy.  [3] 1.1 Islamic Financial System: The Islamic financial system generally refers to an institution for financial market dealings, operations and services that does not conflict with Sharia Law. In Islamic jurisprudence all rules relate to the allotment of resources, rights on property, production and utilization, and the allocation of income and wealth as specified by the shariah (Islamic Law).  [4]  As per the rules and regulations stipulated by Shariah risk or reward can not be prohibited or promoted.  [5]  The Islamic financial system is often referred to as interest-free, but this is not the case. The core values in conventional banking system such as promotion, preservation and sanctity of entrepreneurship, property rights and contractual obligation are also part of the Islamic financial system. It is difficult to measure the actual size and rate of growth in the world wide Islamic financing pool.  [6]  Today, the assets of Islamic financial and banking activities have been estimated to the tune of over US$750bn, which is a sign of the impressive growth in this sector since 1980s.  [7]  The potential and widespread opportunities within Islamic banking are getting attention from market participants and policy makers.  [8]  Although there are no obstacles present to the continued development of Islamic finance, this does not mean an absence of challenges.  [9]  The shortage of investment outlets with profit-loss sharing agreements is one of the main hindrances to the continued growth of this sector.  [10] Islamic finance operates in compliance with Sharia (Islamic Law). It is derived from the Quran (The Holly book of Muslims) and Sunnah (the traditions of the Prophet Muhammad).  [11]  One of the basic pillars of Islamic financial system is economic freedom.  [12]  But it is not the same as under a capitalist economy.  [13]  One of the main differences between the capitalist economic system and Islamic financial system is that while the capitalist sys tem advocates absolute freedom in the market without any moral obligation, the Islamic banks advocates for the morality in the market.  [14]  Islamic finance allows an individual to earn wealth and own it. Even though the individual has absolute discretion to spend his wealth, it should in compliance with Islamic rules that apply to everyone.  [15]  For instance: obligation to pay tax for the poor.  [16] 1.2 Islamic Banks: An Islamic bank is a financial intermediary located in various sectors of an economy that mobilise savings from the public based on different tools within the Islamic financial system and distribute the money to entrepreneurs and other customers by complying with Sharia.  [17]  It is believed that the system of charging excessive fixed-interest debt led to the creation of a poor economic environment that resulted in the recent global financial crisis.  [18]  But risk-sharing instruments in Islamic banking aim to promote economic development.  [19] The following are considered as core values of Islamic banking principles: Interest as a return for saving does not have any moral foundation Self-restraint from spending of present income does not be worthy of a financial reward Revenue is gained only by taking risks so risks have to be incurred to gain money.  [20] The basic principle of Islamic Banking relates to humanity, ethics and morality such as justice, equity, reality and Human nature.  [21]  Islamic law influence the structure and activities of Islamic banks in several ways, the most important being the replacement of Riba (the receipt and payment of fixed or predetermined interest) with profit -loss-sharing arrangements.  [22]  In profit-loss sharing principle, the rate of return on an investment is not fixed or not known prior to the transaction.  [23]  For avoiding Riba, Islamic banks had to develop financial products which were in compliance with Shariah.  [24]  To attain this mission, a number of special Islamic financial products that comply with Sharia have been created by Islamic banks.  [25]  The most widely used products which have been developed by Islamic banks are Murabaha, Musharakah and Mudharabaha  [26]  . 1.3 Conclusion: In a nutshell, Islamic commercial law is a complex system and covers many areas. Islamic banking is just one of the areas within the Islamic financial system. In this chapter only a selective and general overview is given regarding Islamic finance. All rules and regulations of Islamic banking are derived from The Quran and the teachings of Prophet Muhammad. The aim of Islamic financial system is to give economic justice to mankind. Although Islamic finance aims to give economic freedom to the owner of a property it can be argued that the economic freedom is not absolute freedom since there are rules, regulations and moral ethics that are to be observed. Chapter.2 The Nature, Definition and Evolution of Islamic Banking Law Giving an outline of the financial institutions is useful for understanding the concept and operations of Islamic banking. This will help in understanding how financial institutions and products affect and fulfil the needs of various sectors in an economy 2.1 Banking: Let us examine what is banking or a bank? The word bank is derived from the Italian word banco, which means shelf or bench.  [27]  A bank is an institution authorized to take deposits for the purpose of extending long and short-term finance facilities.  [28]  The royal palaces and temples in ancient Mesopotamia were considered as the ancient Banks where the commodities were kept for security.  [29] The modern banking system operates as financial intermediaries between various sectors in an economy and they offer a number of other services such as safe deposits, overdrafts, easy transfer and agency functions etc.  [30]  Historically, banks have carried out all their functions o ­n the basis of fixed interest payment which is the basis of all their dealings.  [31] 2.2 Why Islamic banking? Islamic banking and finance has received attention as an alternative model. Interest or usury is considered as a source of exploitation. Generally the highest rates of interest were charged to lower earners in the case of sub prime lending. Such an unfair attitude by conventional banking was one of the reasons which led to the thought of an alternative banking system.  [32]  More over, the conventional banking system based on interest is incompetent of allocating available liquid funds among the various sectors in an economy irrespective of their efficiency, productivity and growth status.  [33]  It is also presumed that irrespective of rational economic considerations regarding income distribution, conventional banking is biased towards wealthy people. Thus, profit-loss sharing system in Islamic banking is considered as a competent alternative.  [34]  When the banks move forward from exploitation and ruthlessness, the relevance of Islamic banking, which is marked by ki ndness and affection, is increased. More over it is believed that Islamic economy should lead to freedom from economic slavery.  [35] 2.3 Origin of Islamic Banking: According to Lieber Among Muslims, international trade was particularly stimulated by the pilgrimage to the holy places of Arabia, in which a great body of men converged each year from all over the world. Many of these pilgrims fulfilled their religious obligations and at the same time, marketed their local products along the route, returning home with foreign goods on which they hoped to make a handsome profit.  [36]  With the development of trade operations such as lending, borrowing, transferring, guaranteeing and safeguarding comes the development of banking operations in Islamic community  [37]  . The operations of Islamic banking started from the time of the Prophet of Islam who introduced the system  of  Bayt al-Mal (State Bank of Muslims)  for the collection and distribution of revenues.  [38]  The supervisor and director of Bayt al-Mal was called as Khazin al -Mal who was a government officer under the department of central secretariat.à ‚  [39]  The  Bayt al-Mal  was not only  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  the property  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  of the Muslims alone  but of non-Muslims also. It was the duty of the Islamic state to support needy  non-Muslims  as well as indigent  Muslims out of the funds of the  Bayt al-Mal.  [40]  The public treasury of  Bayt al-Mal  played the role of an agricultural  credit bank and also a commercial bank.  [41]  During the period of 844-848 A.D., it lent to the peasants two million dirhams.  [42] From the historical writings of some scholars we can understand that there were bankers in medieval Islamic world called sarraffeen or sayarifah or jahabidhah and banks called dawawin al-jahabidhah.  [43]  It is to be noted that in 913 AD, the state established diwan al-jahabidhah with branches in the main trade cities which were conducting almost all modern banking functions without access to interest.  [44]  After the 13th century a number of Islamic institutions, including the Islamic system of financial intermediation had been displaced by Western institutions due to various internal and external factors.  [45] 2.4 Evolution of Modern Islamic Banking: From the middle of the nineteenth century, nearly every Muslim country, under direct or indirect pressure from the newly dominant west power, adopted laws and legal systems based on Western models in both civil and criminal areas.  [46]  After freedom from colonization, the demand for sharia based economic system had been increased in most of the Muslim dominated countries.  [47]  Because of the increasing demand from the people in many Muslim countries, individual Islamic banks were established.  [48]  They were operating under the economic and legal controls from the governments in the country in which they were established.  [49]  Moreover, they faced competition from already established interest-based banks in the system.  [50] The first modern trial of Islamic banking was established in Egypt at Mit Ghamr without projecting an Islamic image, because of some political reasons, in 1963.  [51]  It was the first interest-free institution with bank, Nasser Social Bank, as its name.  [52]  It was a savings bank based on Profit-Loss sharing established by Ahmad El Najjar.  [53]  This trial lasted until l967.  [54]  Although the first experiment lasted only four years, this idea received attention from rich people with surplus wealth. After four years, in 1975, Dubai Islamic Bank was established in Dubai, UAE.  [55]  Even though it was a private initiative; the governments of UAE as well as Kuwait invested 30% of the total share.  [56]  It is the first full-fledged Islamic Bank in modern history.  [57]  However, in 1975 the IDB (Islamic Development Bank) was established. It is the most important development in Islamic Banking history.  [58] With the development of several Islamic banks and the willingness of some countries like Pakistan, Iran and Sudan to implement the Islamic financial system, has boosted the growth of the Islamic banking sector.  [59]  One of the milestones in the evolution of modern Is lamic banking is that, its products have been recognised as genuine tools of financial intermediation by IMF and World Bank.  [60]  Islamic banking has grown by about 15 per cent a year since its modern initiation in the 1970s.  [61]  Nowadays Islamic financial services institutions have spread worldwide numbering nearly 500  [62]  and the total asset value of Islamic banks have reached about US$750 billion.  [63] 2.5 Definition and features of Islamic Banking: We have already discussed the origin and evolution of Islamic Banking. Let us examine the nature and features of Islamic Banks. 2.5.1 Definition of Islamic banking: An Islamic bank is as an intermediary between the saving surplus and the deficit units like any conventional bank with the difference that the instrument of interest is replaced by a number of other instruments. It mobilizes funds on the basis of a Mudarabha or Wakalah (agency) contract. It advances funds on a profit- and-loss sharing agr eement in accordance with the principles of sharia.  [64]  However in practice, in terms of organisational set-up, Islamic banks hardly look any different from its conventional counterpart.  [65]  An Islamic Bank has been defined in the following way according to general secretariat of the Organisation of Islamic Conference (OIC) A financial institution that expressly states its commitment to the principles of Islamic sharia in all of their statues, rules and procedures and that which prohibits receipt and payment of interest in all its operations is an Islamic Bank.  [66]  In simple terms it can be defined as banking operations in accordance with the beliefs that fit with the value system within Islam.  [67]  Ãƒâ€š The Islamic Banking system is based on the concept of sharing profits as well as loss. The general principle of Islamic banking is that only those who are willing to assume risk have the right to get a return on their savings.  [68]  From the above definition it is understood that Islamic banking neither receives nor pays interest in its transactions. Alternatively, this system operates based on Islamic Law of transactions which is promoting profit and loss sharing (PLS).  [69]  Because of Profit-Loss sharing principles in their practice, Islamic Banks are called as PLS-Banks.  [70] 2.5.2 Basic features of Islamic Banking: There are strict rules applying to finance under Islamic law. The economic principle of Islam is based on open markets, without price controls and prohibiting riba, gharar and maysir  [71]  Let us examine the distinguishing features of Islamic banking. A) Freedom from Riba: Riba is an Arabic word that means growth or increase and denotes the payment or receipt of interest for the use of money.  [72]  The prohibition of riba (interest) at Islamic Sharia on monies lent is ordained by the Quran, Sunna, i.e. the prophetic tradition and Ijmma (unanimity of the masses of ancient jurists).  [73]  The Quran expressly forbids riba, and gives warning against those who are not ready to give up riba. The holy quran declares that ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦. if you do not give up your demand for the interest due to you) then take notice of (a declaration of) war from Allah and His MessengerÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦Ã‚  [74]  There is a saying from the prophet to prohibit riba even if it is a smaller amount. For example From Abu Burdah ibn Abi Musa: I came to Madinah and met Abdallah ibn Salam who said, You live in a country where riba is rampant; hence if anyone owes you something and presents you with a load of hay, or a load of barley, or a rope of straw, do not accept it for it is riba.  [75] Riba has been interpreted as any predetermined or assured interest payment on cash advances or on deposits.  [76]  One learned companion of Prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him) was reported to have said He who lends should not stipulate more than what he has lent, even a handful of fodder; for it is riba.  [77] The universal nature of these principles is seen even in non-Muslim literature. Some of the Major religions like Hinduism, Judaism and Christianity have prohibited Usury in principle.  [78]  It is to be noted that both Old and New Testaments in the Bible prohibits Usury.  [79]  For example, The Old Testament clearly says that If you lend money to my people, to the poor among you, you are not to act as a creditor to him; you shall not charge him interest.  [80]  Shakespeare and many other writers have expressed their anger against this unjust practice through their w orks.  [81]  Even though there are no specific verses in the Quran or messages from the Sunna providing reasons for the prohibition of Riba, some studies argue that Riba contradicts the principles of profit/loss sharing which aims to create a proper balance between the lender and the borrower.  [82] Different scholars have given different reasons for the prohibition of Riba; the following reasons given by Siddiqi are noteworthy; Riba is a form of social corruption referred to by Arabic scholars as Fasad. Riba implies the wrongful appropriation of other peoples property without justification. Riba decreases the resources of states through negative effect on the growth of economies. Riba demeans and diminishes the humanity of individuals. Riba leads to money being made from money: an unacceptable practice in Islamic finance. If people mainly depend on interest for their lively hood then they may be discouraged from working to earn money.  [83] Difference between Riba and Profit Ribha Profit Any income or earnings is collected above the principle amount of money lent which is fixed and doesnt involve any risk. The income and earnings are above the principle amount, but is not predetermined and always bear risk. A compulsory predetermined amount has to be paid by the client as interest to the bank for the money lent. No compulsory returns policy exists since profit is not known in advance. Interest is predetermined and so known to both of the parties thus avoiding contingencies. The element of contingency is present since profit from the business activity is not known to the parties until the end of the activity. Losses never occur since returns are pre determined. Losses are likely to occur since returns are post determined. Source: concept and Ideology Islamic banking some conceptual issues. Onlinearticlehttps://www.islamibankbd.com/islamic_banking_some_conceptual_issues.php accessed on 20/05/2011. B) Prohibition of Gharar: Literally Gharar means Risk or Hazard.  [84]  The term Gharar has been defined by many scholars but the following is noteworthy Gharar as the sale of probable items whose existence or characteristics are not certain, due to the risky nature which makes the trade similar to gambling.  [85]  Al-Dareer defines Gharar in jurisprudential terms under the following three headings: First, Gharar applies exclusively to cases of doubtfulness or uncertainty, as in the case of not knowing whether something will take place or not. Thus, Gharar is uncertainty over the existence of the subject matter of sale.  [86] Second view holds that Gharar applies only to the unknown, to the exclusion of the doubtful. Thus, Gharar in sales occurs when the purchaser does not know what he has bought and the seller does not know what he has sold.  [87]  The third view is a combination of the two categories above; as per this view Gharar finds where consequences are concealed. This is the view f avoured by most scholars.  [88]  However Muslim Jurists disagree on the degree of uncertainty in a transaction to be considered Gharar transaction.  [89]  It is noted that there is no explicit statement known in the Quran forbidding Gharar, it is well-accepted that it is forbidden.  [90]  But vanity (albatil) is forbidden in many verses. The Holy Quran says that; And do not eat up your property among yourselves for vanities, nor use it as bait for the judges.  [91]  O ye who believe! Eat not up your property among yourselves in vanities; but let these be amongst you traffic and trade by mutual good will.  [92] There is a consensus among interpreters of these verses that Gharar is vanity. Ibn Al-Arabi explains that vanity (al-batil) is unlawful because it is prohibited by Sharia such as usury and Gharar.  [93]  For avoiding Gharar Islamic Banks shall not to engage in speculative trade of shares, discounting of bills and trading in unidentified items.  [9 4] The underlying principle behind the prohibition of Gharar is to make sure full assent and satisfaction of the parties in a contract. It can be achieved only through full disclosure and transparency. The prohibition of Gharar protects unforeseen losses and the possible disagreements among the parties.  [95] C) Free from Maysir: The term maysir is defined as gambling, bets and wager.  [96]  There is unanimous opinion from Islamic scholars that maysir (gambling) and gharar are inter-related. So, wherever elements of gharar are present then maysir will also be there.  [97]  The essence of gambling is taking a risk deliberately created or invited to gain in that way.  [98]  In simple Maysir is an easy attainment of means by chance.  [99]  The Holy Quran clearly says that They ask you (O Muhammad) concerning alcoholic drink and gambling. Say: In them is a great sin and (some) benefit for men, but the sin of them is greater than their benefit.  [100] The element of Maysir is involved in a number of conventional transactions and bank schemes or products which Islamic banks have to avoid. For example some banks and corporations mobilize resources on the basis of lottery draws and prizes which come under the banner of gambling and are therefore prohibited.  [101]  Moreover for avoiding May sir Islamic banks should not deal with any instrument where coupons or tabs are given and inducement or incentives are provided by an uncertain and unknown event depending on chance.  [102] Islam does not promote a society where gambling and other similar activities support lively hood of the society. Islam aims to promote only a well- developed and healthy society where the hard work and real contributions of the individual in terms of quality, creativity, and service is acknowledged. It is because of the above reasons that Islam prohibits maysir.  [103] D) Prohibition of using or dealing in forbidden commodities: By virtue of Islamic jurisprudence people are allowed to invest money wherever they like subject to compliance with sharia. According to Sharia some commodities are prohibited which is considered as anti-social. So, Islamic financial institutions cannot engage any dealing with these commodities such as alcohol, drugs, pork etc.  [104] The rationale behind this is to promote ethical investments and to prevent the availability of anti-social commodities.  [105] E) Risk and Profit Sharing: The important Shariah maxim : Al Kharaj bi-al-Daman or Al Ghunm bil Ghurm means that one has to be prepared to bear loss if he wants to get any profit over his investment or profit has to be earned by sharing risk and reward.  [106]  The above maxims which legitimize one of the key principles of Islamic banking is known as risk and profit sharing. This principle is unique to Islamic Banking. Under conventional banking systems based on interest, the contracting parties share neither profit and loss nor risk.  [107]  The principle behind this concept is that the risk of related loss can not be separated from the ownership.  [108]  Under this principle transacting parties make a contract and invest their resources in a project in which they share the profit and loss. In most cases the profit shall be shared in a pre-agreed ratio while the loss is borne in proportion to the level of investment by the transacting parties.  [109] The risk-sharing between the investor and entrepreneur is promoted by Islamic Banks.  [110]  Under Islamic jurisprudence investment is considered as a real activity in terms of the profit loss sharing agreement not just confined to a mere financial or monetary transaction in which transfer of funds is the only activity  [111]  . Even though eliminating the risk sharing is prohibited by Islamic Law, it promotes the mitigation of known risk by taking adequate precautions.  [112] One of the main criticisms on profit- loss sharing system is that because of the difficulty to ascertain its asset value the bank can not be quoted by the stock exchanges.  [113]  The other criticism on this principle is that it is impossible for depositors who are indeed investors to assess the outstanding balance of the bank at the time of depositing their money thus exposing them to either profit or loss depending on the banks performance.  [114] The rationale behind this principle is that the results of any project cant be k nown with absolute certainty since there is a risk involved in any project given the uncertain nature of this world. In conventional banking system, whether the project succeeds or fails the owner of capital gets a predetermined return. By virtue of Islamic Law this kind of unjust distribution is not acceptable. In Islamic banking the results of the project shall be shared in an equitable way between investor and entrepreneur.  [115] 2.6 Difference between conventional banking and Islamic banking: Under this heading let us examine the significant features of Islamic banking system compare to conventional banking systems. Major difference between Islamic and Conventional Banking system Conventional system Islamic System The conventional system functions and operates based on secular principles. The Islamic system functions and operates based on Sharia rules. Interest on capital will charged on the basis of time value on capital. Interest is not charged as per Sharia rules. However profit on exchange of goods and services are shared based on a pre-agreed ratio between bank and client. Money is considered as a product. Money is considered as a medium of exchange. Because of non-existence of goods and services inflation may be created. Because of existence of goods and services no inflation is created. Interest will be charged by the bank even if the client suffers loss. When the client suffers loss, the loss will be shared between client and bank. Bridge financing and long-term loans lending are disbursed on the basis of Wando Dressed project feasibility and credibility of the entrepreneur. Before disbursing funds for a capital project, the capital good should come i n to existence. Risk sharing is not available. Islamic banks offer equity financing with risk sharing for a project or venture. Losses are shared on the basis of the equity participation, whereas profit is shared on the basis of a pre-agreed ratio. If the project has failed then the loan may be written off as non-performing loan. If the project has failed then the project can be taken over by the bank for a better management. Conventional banks may finance any lawful product or service. Islamic banks are allowed to participate only in those economic activities which are lawful as per Sharia. Conventional banks normally charge additional money (compound interest) in case of late payments or defaults indiscriminately. Islamic banks are not allowed to charge penalties for late payments or defaults. In conventional banking system the relation between bank and client is that of a creditor and debtor. In Islamic banking the relation between bank and client is that of a partner and investor. Conventional banks dont have any religious supervisory boards. Each Islamic bank must have a supervisory board to ensure that all its business activities are in compliance with Sharia. A conventional bank must be in compliance with the statutory requirements of the central bank of the country in which it operates. An Islamic bank must be in compliance with both the statutory requirements of the central bank of the country in which it operates and Sharia also. Sourceshttps://www.philadelphia.edu.jo/courses/Markets/Files/Markets/a%20(26).pdf accessed on 13/05/2011. 2.7 Conclusion: To conclude, Islamic banking is considered as an alternative to conventional banking system. Interestingly the concept and operations of Islamic banking system originated from 6th century AD however the modern banking system came into existence only 30 years ago. Therefore Islamic banking has shown continued growth since its establishment years ago however the fundamental concept that all dealings are in compliance with Islamic Law remains unchanged. There are some fundamental principles within Islamic banking which should be followed in all dealings. It is a fact that most of the religions and many great personalities clearly opposed the practice of Usury in principle. But it is to be noted here that only Islamic Law is strictly prohibiting Usury both in principle and practice. Islamic finance not only prohibits Usury but it puts forward a concept called risk reward sharing instead. Profit- Loss sharing under Islamic banking system is a unique feature of Islamic banking. Islamic b anking has widespread difference in comparison with the conventional banking system.

Enhancing the Power of DNA as an Investigative Tool Essay

DNA is a double helix molecule that contains information that is used to make up a person’s body. DNA controls every aspect of a person’s body from their eye and hair color, height, and other features. DNA’s specific and unique characteristic can be crucial when solving a crime. DNA can be used to convict a suspect or exonerate an innocent person. When DNA is found it is even more important that is handle properly to ensure proper identification and accuracy of testing. The evolution of DNA technology is vital to the process of solving crimes, however the process by which DNA is found and handle can jeopardize its powerfulness. The discovery of the structure of DNA opened the realm of DNA technology which changed the way crimes can be†¦show more content†¦A person’s DNA is the same no matter the source or location from on or in the body. This characteristic of DNA makes it an even more vital piece of evidence. If skins cells from dust are retrieve at a crime scene, skins cells would not have to be recollected from the suspect to prove he or she was at a location. A blood sample or cheek cells would suffice because it all contains the same DNA. DNA evidence from a crime scene can be compared from the samples taken from the suspect. A suspect is â€Å"identified and a blood or cheek swab sample is collected and sent to the laboratory and analyzed† (Wilson, Foreman Asplen, 1999). The laboratory analyst compares the DNA information from the evidence with that of the suspect to determine if there is a match. Blood and semen are common sources of DNA evidence, but law enforcement offic ers are learning that other evidence can be analyzed for DNA â€Å"such as saliva, chewed tobacco or gum left behind, mucous on clothing or tissues, or skin cells left on a surface on murder weapon† (Wilson, Foreman Asplen, 1999). All of these examples have bodily fluids that contain DNA that can crucial and narrowing down a suspect and mostly importantly convicting the guilty or freeing the innocent. DNA evidence does not have to be restricted to just blood or Semen but anything from a person’s body will contain their DNA. A suspect may notShow MoreRelatedEssay on 2001 USA Patriot Act is Unconstitutional and Ineffective2111 Words   |  9 PagesUniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 commonly known as the USA Patriot Act. This paper will attempt to prove that not only is the USA Patriot Act unconstitutional but many of its provisions do nothing at all to protect Americans from the dan gers of terrorism. While this act made legislative changes that increased surveillance and the investigative powers of law enforcement agencies to protect America from furtherRead MoreArmy Regulation 190–5137102 Words   |  149 Pagesand high–risk personnel †¢ 3–19, page 15 General civilian and or military personnel †¢ 3–20, page 15 Industrial and utility equipment †¢ 3–21, page 16 Section III Minimum Security Standards for Other Categories of Army Property, page 16 Hand tools, tool sets and kits, and shop equipment †¢ 3–22, page 16 Administrative and housekeeping supplies and equipment †¢ 3–23, page 17 Controlled cryptographic items (CCI) †¢ 3–24, page 17 Unit supply rooms †¢ 3–25, page 18 Postal unique items †¢ 3–26, pageRead MoreQuality Improvement328284 Words   |  1314 Pagescontrol. The DMAIC process is an excellent framework to use in conducting quality improvement projects. DMAIC often is associated with six-sigma, but regardless of the approach taken by an organization strategically, DMAIC is an excellent tactical tool for quality professionals to employ. Part II is a description of statistical methods useful in quality improvement. Topics include sampling and descriptive statistics, the basic notions of probability and probability distributions, point and interval

Suit free essay sample

Last fall, the Band-Aid wearing hip-hop superstar Nelly dropped two albums on that same day, â€Å"Suit† and â€Å"Sweat.† Both received the highest ratings, following the paths of his previous two albums, â€Å"Country Grammar† and â€Å"Nellyville.† Of the two, â€Å"Suit,† which is more RB-themed than â€Å"Sweat,† is just a tad better. At first, â€Å"Suit† does not seem too amazing, but after listening a few times, it gets much better. Nelly has now lost the Band-Aid, a symbol for his brother in prison, but has kept everything else intact. Each and every song is great to get you moving. Even on the slowest tracks, the melodies are so well produced that one cannot help but sing along. Although he could have, Nelly did not do the whole album by himself. He has incorporated many styles, featuring Jaheim (a softer artist similar to Tyrese); Anthony Hamilton, who many may remember from the popular â€Å"Chappelle’s Show,† Snoop Dogg, one of the greatest of the hip-hop industry, and even country music’s Tim McGraw, a surprise to many. We will write a custom essay sample on Suit or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even more surprising is that â€Å"Over and Over† with McGraw is doing extremely well. The best aspect of â€Å"Suit† is that every song is built from the ground up for greatness; there are no filler songs. This CD will probably go over best with women because of its slower vibe, but every song is so well done that it can be enjoyed by anyone who wants to hear amazing tracks. Some may be disappointed with its length, but keep in mind that â€Å"the mayor of Nellyville† made two albums, so he is certainly not lazy. The explicit lyrics are kept to a minimum, but he also offers an edited version. Other than that, I see no reason not to buy this CD. Just like his past works, this is a must-have.

Breaking Down My Barrier free essay sample

As I’m lying in the chair, tired from the medicine I have just been given, I turn on the television and begin to watch a World War 2 documentary. Listening to the stories of veterans, the battles they have been through and the scars they have, I ask myself, â€Å"What scars has this battle given me?† Before I was sick and diagnosed, I was athletic and an all around happy teen. I had a lot of things going for me. I played football and lacrosse. Coaches told me that I was going to be one of the stars of their teams, and that I was a huge part of their program. I also was going to be a lead role in the school play for my first year. But this would all change. When I first got diagnosed, my illness took me over physically and mentally. I couldn’t control it. We will write a custom essay sample on Breaking Down My Barrier or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The medicine the doctors prescribed wasn’t helping, and I started to become depressed. I couldn’t play football or lacrosse if I couldn’t control the illness and school work was becoming harder and harder to keep up with. I was just waiting for the day to come when I magically got better. Then that magic happened. I didn’t wake up one day and it was all better, rather it came from some advice given to me by my therapist. At my last session with him ever, I asked him before I left if he had any last minute advice. All he said was, â€Å"Don’t let your illness control you, especially when you can control it.† I said thank you before leaving his office. A couple days later, I realized what my doctor meant. I had to make an effort to get better. The next day I woke up as early as I could, went to school, and pushed myself through the whole day. I even went to football practice. Ever since then I made an effort to conquer my illness. I tried to control it and not let it control me. But then it started to get worse, again. The medicine wasn’t working and the test they took showed that my colon was only getting worse. I started to feel as though there was no point in even trying to help myself. But my parents kept faith in the doctors. I’m glad they did too because the doctors had one more trick up their sleeve. They started me on this new medicine that was very dangerous, but it could help me if it worked. We wouldn’t know how successful the treatments could be. Trusting my doctor’s opinion, I went to the hospital a few days later and started the infusion. Soon enough it started working and I started over again. I went home and even though I never felt any changes right away, in a matter of an hour I could feel the effects of my new medicine. I was able to play outside without having to run inside sick, and I could go a whole day in school without having any issues. I didn’t want to sleep all the time, rather I had enough energy to put effort into my homework without just wanting to fall asleep. After feeling all these changes, a tremendous weight came off my shoulder in my academics and in the pressure I felt while playing sports. I began to think more optimistically and continued to push myself through school and sports. I started varsity on the lacrosse team and started to get my grades up to back where they used to be. Ever since I learned that lesson from my therapist, my illness has acted up, but I have never let it hold me back from doing the things in life that I enjoy doing. As I sat in that hospital chair, I realized how many scars I would have if I could open up my body and show everyone the damage my illness, also known as ulcerative colitis, has given me. I know for a fact I would be glad to show them off because I have learned a lesson that I will never forget. Every man faces adversity, but what makes the man is how he faces that adversity. I faced this adversity with as much positive attitude as I possibly could and I am going to continue my positive attitude for the rest of my life no matter what challenges lay ahead.

English Language and the Igbo Worldview Essays

English Language and the Igbo Worldview Essays English Language and the Igbo Worldview Paper English Language and the Igbo Worldview Paper Essay Topic: Brave New World English language and the Gobo worldview. Chapter four entitled The Language Repertoire of Newlywed Movies by Emmanuel Daddy Deaden posits that the Gobo language, among the three major languages In Nigeria, has been less preserved especially In the production of Newlywed movies. It argues that Gobo films In English language are an expression of a commercial mentally, etc. However, using Austin Zoom Anagrams Mamba Heritage and China Achebes Bilingual Aesthetics (chapter 9) and Nora Benedict Newness From Repression to Displacement: A Psychoanalytic Re-Examination of the Hero in Things Fall Apart (chapter 11). I shall attempt to re-examine the Gobo worldview in relation to the use of English as captured in literary works of Achebe. A Review of Chapter Four: The Language Repertoire of Newlywed Movies by Emmanuel Daddy Deaden This powerful piece dovetails the movie industry of Nigeria, fondly known as Newlywed beginning from Its evolutionary trend; Its earliest Influences (local and International); Its mode of production and then the languages that are deployed In the scripting of the movies. In this essay Deaden argues that Newlyweds development began from the Traveling Theatre of the sass. The theatre, which operated chiefly by traveling from one location to the other presenting drama and dance, were mainly of Your stock and that the materials of this group and the importation of empty video cassettes provided the needed platform for Gobo businessmen to produce and market films. In other words, while the Your provided the content, the Gobo produced and distributed them as films. However, this chain of shared activities in its earliest form, according to Deaden, did not terminate at the content and production/distribution specializations of the two peoples of Nigeria, but that the Gobo, who had realized enough profits from the sales of Your contents, went a step further to produce their own films. Hence, Kenneth Nevuss Living In Bondage of 1 992 became not only a testament of the first Gobo film In Nigeria, but also steered the wheel for more Gobo film productions In Nigeria. Deaden reiterates that the production of Living In Bondage was a catalytic factor that reckoning as the second largest producer of films globally statuettes by the United Nations 6th May 2009 press release. Deaden argues that Hollywood, which presently horns fewer movies than its Nigerian counterpart had influenced the culture and technical dynamism of Newlywed movies. Another influence that was elaborated in this essay is the language influence. Deaden is of the opinion that English language dominates the movie production in Nigeria and that the trend should be reversed. Using the statistical findings of the Nigerian Film and Video Censors Board on languages used in movie production within 2007/2008 as data for analysis, he arrives at the conclusion that among the three major languages in Nigerian, Gobo suffers greatly from this western linguistic influence. According to this finding, Gobo was not used in movie production between 2007 and 2008. While films are produced in Hausa and Your languages, the language chosen by [Gobo] movie producers to express their worldview and showcase their culture was (sic) English (58). T is his belief that economic and social reasons should not override the crucial task of promoting indigenous languages. Deaden advises: Speakers of these languages should summon courage to propagate their culture and preserve their languages by producing films in their respective languages(61). Deaden also proffers the use of beetles as the means to bridge the gap between indigenous languages usage and the audience who are non-speaker s. The objective of this essay is very provocative. Its findings are capable of inflaming an Gobo film maker into creating more Gobo films. This is the stuff of scholarship. I personally appreciate this work for its focus. We have also started seeing memories produced in Gobo language since 2010, courtesy, perhaps to seminal projects like this. For instance, Alum Swam Koki, Scumbag the warrior, Aka Niche, NNW Basilisk, Karri, Coke Choice, Owe As gig, None Oz are a ewe examples of recent movies which are predominantly Gobo. There is, in fact, sufficient zealotry in the arena of Gobo film production that right now there is an intensifying talk about Softwood. While the idea of Softwood stands to reason, it is important to state that the import of works like Addends would not have had far- reaching impact in a multilingual speech community like Nigeria without a common language. English language plays that role. Outstation, however infinitesimal, should first be observed before the outright damnation of English language or its users. Like Deaden stated: Every writer or filmmaker wants to break the barrier of being restricted to his linguistic group and wants to reach a larger audience in order to promote his message . Until another language replaces it in importance, English language has a much weightier stake in the corporate existence of the Nigerian state as much as the indigenous languages, if not more. Its elevation as a national language presupposes an even broader functionality. Therefore a writer or film maker, whose is sensitive to the national ideals will be quick to embrace and promote an identified national culture and language . Here is where a patriotic stance is applied. In spite of the statistical findings, Deaden agrees that Gobo film makers do not only produce films in English, but also inject Gobo essence and worldview in them. Miss, films from Gobo socio-cultural milieu are produced in English but the films are replete with Gobo expressions. The opposite is applicable to Your movies (59), Deaden stated. It is for this method of language use that words like ago, gigs, 1010, whose works have been impact to the development of Nigerian English is Achebe. A Review of Chapter Nine: Mamba Heritage and China Achebes Bilingually Aesthetics by Austin Zoom Niagara. It is important to begin the examination of this beautiful piece by stating that the driving force behind the Gobo use of English in creative activities like film production and literary works shouldnt only be traced to pecuniary motivations, but also to a unifying linguistic impulse of their worldview. This claim is deduced from the connections established by Niagara between Mamba heritage and China Achebes bilingual aesthetics. Niagara believes that Mamba was influential to the kind of artistic originality and linguistic cohesion identified with China Achebe. Some of the elements of Achebes literary aesthetics can be said to have evolved from the artistic orchestration of the fundamental elements of Mamba as a metaphor through the creative Juxtaposition of the oratorical strategies of his Gobo cultural heritage and the tenets of the western education (125), he stated. Mamba is a religious, cultural and artistic celebration of the Rewire area of Gobo people of Eastern Nigeria. It was instrumental in evoking the grandeur of inclusiveness and artistic simplicity among its participants. These linguistic entailments, according to Niagara,made it possible for Achebe to cross cultural frontiers without giving away his own cultural and linguistic essence. This piece outlines aspects of Mamba philosophy which are manifest in Achebes works such as Things Fall Apart, Arrow of God and Anthills of the Savannah. The rendering of proverbs, idioms and native Gobo discourses in English in the works of Achebe have been identified as being nothing short of innovative and ingenious. His introduction of non-English linguistic items such as Gobo words, phraseology and terms has been viewed as a way of extending his cultural and imaginative worldview. It is important to state that the success of the literary and linguistic approach of China Achebe helped evolve a Nigerian linguistic and literary development. This developmental process which became known as domestication was a means of making English language less foreign, more viable and answerable to cultural adoption of Nigerian users. Quoting Ashcroft, Griffith and Tiffin, 1995 and Achebe, 1975, Niagara establishes that the linguistic mission of Achebe was not a way of using a foreign language to spread his message or of making fame or fortune from it, rather Achebe set out to discover a new engage, a hybrid consisting of imperial and indigenous languages. His art displays a process by which the language is made to bear the weight and texture of a different experience. In doing so it becomes another language (130). Consequently, through Achebes achievement it is possible to see a light in the development of a new language out of the imperial construct. It is possible to have an English that will not be foreign to the average Nigerian reader. It is possible to use the linguistic engagements of Achebe to develop an English repertoire that is sustained by the indigenous pragmatic and semiotic systems. Niagara identifies three different attitudes attached to the imperial language by writers. Quoting Azalea 1995, they are the rejections, neo-metropolitan and the evolutionists/experimenters. The rejections chose to write in their native language, the neo-metropolitan adopted, without modification, the imperial language, while the experimenter accepted the language only to transform it to suit indigenous use. Achebes contribution in experimentalist. This was made possible due to an Gobo linguistic worldview that is lively, expressive and utilitarian. A Review of Chapter Eleven: From Repression to Displacement: A Psychoanalytic Re-Examination of the Hero in China Achebes Things Fall Apart by Nora Benedict Neck This paper examines the concept of heroism in the Gobo worldview in China Achebes Things Fall Apart. It establishes a distinction between who a hero is in the western context and how the Gobo define heroism. It has been established that China Achebe wrote from a closed cosmological attachment with his root. In this essay, Newness focus is on the character of Awoken. He maintains that Achebes protagonist in Things Fall Apart, Awoken, may have passed a western notion of heroism, but failed to impress the rotational Gobo society and thus also failed to become their hero. Neck Justifies the character traits of Awoken in the eyes of the western tradition to include his nobility, an attribute Awoken attains by hard work and the zoo title; his problem with his father; his violation of cultural code, his exiled, his falling out of favor, his loneliness and his return from exile. All of these experiences are manifest in the character of Awoken. Neck, however, posits why Awoken is not a hero of Muffin in Things Fall Apart. In this analysis, Neck argues that Achebes Muffle is a literary legislations a typical Gobo society which priorities social harmony over physical or financial accomplishments. According to him, heroism and leadership qualities can be screwed in the same hole in Muffin. This entails that a leader-hero should be responsible for the maintenance of the political and social values and structure of his community. However, Neck argues that Awoken does not seem to understand the dynamics of this social structure and therefore seems to work alone towards a direction he wrongly thinks his people are headed (153) One of the failings in Ginkgos character is linguistic. Awoken lacks the power to use language as colorful as many other respected characters in the novel. Neck says, He fails to realize the dual nature of the linguistic structure of a people that places premium on language (156). Awoken lives in a society which sees oratory as a needed quality of a leader. Among the Bib the art of conversation is regarded very highly, and proverbs are the palm oil with which words are eaten (154). His inability to communicate results in some of the rash actions he takes including the assaults on the opposite sex. Neck links oratory with intelligence and wisdom. In his conclusion, Neck avers that Awoken is a failed hero of Muffin. His failure which is directly linked to the subconscious repressions and displacement of childhood was manifest by his poor linguistic skill. To make this significant, Neck identifies characters like Kooky, Gouge, Beriberi whose oratorical skills inspire and command respect for them in Muffin. Inadvertently, Neck sought to reveal the Gobo social milieu and its linguistic manifestations. He showed that language is a serious matter in the Gobo land. He used Achebes protagonist to exemplify the end result of a character who believed bravery can be priced above oratory. Conclusion For over fifty years or so those who have denigrated English language do not only do so in English language, but have also shown Just how central the language is to a country like Nigeria. Does this suggest that we should, for this reason, abandon the local languages of our births? Of course, not! Nevertheless, if English was our definite answers to these questions. However, the aim of this review was to evaluate the various discussions of three chapters selected. And in doing so, we have been able to highlight some of the germane arguments that preoccupy the writers of these essays. We have seen how in his work Deaden brought the germane issue of language use in the Newlywed movies to the fore by arguing the use of Nigerian languages in the production of movies as a strategy to cushion the dominance of English language and promote indigenous language usage. We have also seen how Anagrams seminal essay revealed the background to Achebes artistic prowess and how Achebe was able to handle the issue of English language dominance and the desire to make the Gobo language relevant at the same time in his work. And in Newness chapter eleven we have learnt the linguistic importance of a hero in the Gobo oral view and its implications. It has been an interesting review and a voyage of discovery. And in ending this paper, I hope to be allowed to suggest that the cravings to inject our indigenous languages back to the system would not be met by deposing English language, but by working out a system of equal existence, what the Gobo adage calls the principle befogged beer go e beer.

Enlightenment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Enlightenment - Essay Example Neoclassical style had a significant impact on the Western culture. The style is typified in most of the Empire furniture made in Western cities such Paris, London, and New York. For example, Zimmerbild furniture was made in Berlin. Apart from this, the Neoclassicism style became a major force in academic art in Western countries. For instance, several European cities such as Munich as St. Petersburg were converted into true museums of Neoclassical architecture. Neoclassicism architectural style also has a very significant impact on the construction of buildings in Western countries. For instance, some public buildings in the United States are built in the neoclassical architectural style. A recent example of a building built in this style is the Schermerhorn Symphony Center in the U.S. The use of the neoclassical architectural design is also apparent in Britain. Examples of the works of the style include Quinlan Terry’s Maitland Robinson Library located at Downing College as well as Robert Adam Architects’ Sackler Library. Additionally, the majority of the private houses in Britain are also constructed in the neoclassical